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Mitigated speech is a linguistic term describing deferential or indirect speech inherent in communication between individuals of perceived High Power Distance which has been in use for at least two decades with many published references.〔Ng, Sik H. and Bradac, James J. : ''Power in Language: Verbal Communication and Social Influence (Language and Language Behavior)'' Sage Publications, Inc (May 25, 1993)〕〔Robinson, William Peter and Tajfel, Henri: (Social Groups and Identities ) Routledge (1996) Retrieved 2009-03-30〕〔Kasper, Gabriele and Blum-Kulka, Shoshana: (Interlanguage Pragmatics ) Oxford (1993). Retrieved 2009-03-30〕〔O'Hare, D., and Roscoe, S. ''Flightdeck performance - the human factor''. Ames: Iowa State University Press (1990)〕 The term was recently popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book, Outliers, where he defines mitigated speech as "any attempt to downplay or sugarcoat the meaning of what is being said".〔Gladwell, Malcolm: ''Outliers: The Story of Success'', Penguin (2008) p.194〕 He continues with reference to Fischer and Orasanu,〔Fischer, Ute and Orasanu, Judith: ''Cultural Diversity and Crew Communication'', paper presented at Astronautical Congress, Amsterdam; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1999)〕 to describe 6 degrees of mitigation with which we make suggestions to authority: 1. Command – “Strategy X is going to be implemented” 2. Team Obligation Statement – “We need to try strategy X” 3. Team Suggestion – “Why don’t we try strategy X?” 4. Query – “Do you think strategy X would help us in this situation?” 5. Preference – “Perhaps we should take a look at one of these Y alternatives” 6. Hint – “I wonder if we could run into any roadblocks on our current course” Gladwell brings up the concept in the context of how crews relate to each other in the cockpit of a commercial airliner, graphically illustrating the degree to which mitigated speech can be detrimental in high risk situations which require clear communication. ==See also== * Linguistics * Malcolm Gladwell 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mitigated speech」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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